Which of the following can increase blood pressure?

Emotions can significantly impact blood pressure due to the body’s physiological response to stress or excitement. When a person experiences strong emotions, such as anger, fear, or joy, the body initiates a "fight or flight" response. This response involves the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels. As a result, blood pressure rises to ensure enough blood flow to vital organs and muscles, priming the body for quick action.

In contrast, fasting often leads to lower blood pressure due to reduced caloric intake and potentially decreased blood volume. Resting generally lowers blood pressure as the heart rate slows and the demand for oxygen decreases. Depressants, such as alcohol or certain medications, are known to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and slowing down bodily functions. Understanding these physiological responses is crucial for recognizing how different factors influence blood pressure regulation.